By Robert Sanga Haungo
Dated: 22-06-2008
Pathianin Burma ram chu hun rei tak chhung a lo veng him hnuah May 2, 2008 khan mipuitein Nargis thlichhia nasa takin an tuar a ni. Burma ram chauh sawi loh Asia khuamual hian Nargis thlichhia ai ropui thlichhia hi tun hma zawng chuan vawikhat mah a la tawng ngai lo a ni. Nargis thlichhia vangin Burma ram mipui a nuaih telin boralna leh harsatna rapthlak an tuar a ni.
Burma sipai sorkar suaksual takin ramdang atang mipuite tan tanpuina a lak luh duh lawk loh vangin mitam tak chu an thihbelh pah a ni. Burma sipai sorkar chuan mipuite tanpui aiin thuneihna a chelh chhunzawm theihna nan inthlangna buatsaih a ngai pawimawh zawk hi chu a mak ve khawp mai. Khawvelah sipai awpna leh sorkar tha lo tam tak zingah hian Burma sipai sorkar hi a sisual ber a ni. Thuneitu tam zawk hi Kawlkerang pawl an nih vangin Kawltha awm nual mahse Kawlhnam hi chu ka ngaihdan chuan hnamchhiava, hnamchawm leh hnam ngil nei lo tak an ni.
Sorkar puitling pakhat chuan a ramchhung mipuite tan theih ang tawkin thiltha a tihsak tur a ni. Burma sipai sorkar erawh chu mipuite harsat zual ber laiin tanpuina pek hi a tum hran lo a ni. Ramdang atang tanpuina rawn thawn thlengte pawh hlawhkham lo sipai rualtein an zuar ruk vangin kimchang takin mipui hnenah thil a thleng thei lo a ni. Awmna hmun nei lo hmeichhia vakvai thenkhate chu sipai pawl pawngsualnate an tawng thu hi www.changeforburma.org tih website ah hian tarlang a ni.
Kawl sipaitein Chin, Kachin, Karen, Mon leh Shan etc hnam hmeichhiate pawngsual an ching thin zia thu hi www.burmaguide.net ah hian tarlang a ni. A bik takin Karen hnam hian kawl sipai pawl tih duhdahna hi an tuar nasa zual a ni. Tiangin Kawlkerang pawl hian hnam dangte chungah rilru chhia tak an put vangin tuntrum Nargis thlichhia hi hnam dang zawng zawng aiin Kawlin an tuar nasa zual bik niin ka hria tlat a ni.
Pathianin Nargis thlichhia tuartute zawng zawng hnenah thlamuana pein tanpuina pechhuaktute zawng zawng hnenah a letin malsawm rawhse.
Robert Sanga
Monday, June 22, 2009
Sunday, May 10, 2009
Min Bolig
Dated: 10-11-2008
Av Robert Sanga Hualngo
Jeg bor i Ivar Aasens Gate-9D, 6508 Kristiansund i åtter måneder nå. Jeg bor i første estajse. Jeg leier hus fra Kristiansund kommune. Jeg har et sove rom, stue, badrom og kjøkkene. Stua er stor og badet er også kjempebra.
Jeg har to Norske og en Burmesisk naboer. Min Norske nabo i første estasje spiller musikk nesten alltid. Så jeg kan spare strøm a høre musikk. Derfor liker jeg min nabo. Men han liker ikke å snakke mye. Han er bare en hyggelig person.
I andre estasje bor min Burmesisk nabo. Naboer heter Koko Tun. Han bor alene også. Jeg besøker han på Lørdag. Jeg har to eller tre besøk på Lørdag og Søndag.
Jeg vasker min leilighet hver Fredag. Jeg bruke en vaskekost og vaskebøtt med soft å vaske stue og kjøkken. Jeg vet at hygiene er veldig viktig. Jeg trives I Ivar Aasens Gate fordi jeg tror der bor mange viktige mennesker. Så politi også kommer hver dag å se at alt gå bra.
Jeg bor i sentrum så jeg kan gå til mange butikker. Jeg kan kjøpe mat fra Kiwi, Coop Mega eller Asia butikk. Jeg kjøper klær fra Cubus og Dress man. Ekspeditrisen klær og mat butikk i hele Kristiansund er nesten alle fint. De er veldig flint å salge klær eller mat også.
Leiligheten min har gul farge i inne. Detter farge er veldig popular. Utten har litt grønn farge. Kristiansund kommune hus i Ivar Aasens Gate har litt grønn farge. Jeg liker denne fargen fordi detter er veldig fin for meg.
Min bolig er så gammel nå. Derfor er leilighet min ikke så moderne. Jeg tror de er bygget i 1945 men den er veldig bra og koselig å bo i.
Av Robert Sanga Hualngo
Jeg bor i Ivar Aasens Gate-9D, 6508 Kristiansund i åtter måneder nå. Jeg bor i første estajse. Jeg leier hus fra Kristiansund kommune. Jeg har et sove rom, stue, badrom og kjøkkene. Stua er stor og badet er også kjempebra.
Jeg har to Norske og en Burmesisk naboer. Min Norske nabo i første estasje spiller musikk nesten alltid. Så jeg kan spare strøm a høre musikk. Derfor liker jeg min nabo. Men han liker ikke å snakke mye. Han er bare en hyggelig person.
I andre estasje bor min Burmesisk nabo. Naboer heter Koko Tun. Han bor alene også. Jeg besøker han på Lørdag. Jeg har to eller tre besøk på Lørdag og Søndag.
Jeg vasker min leilighet hver Fredag. Jeg bruke en vaskekost og vaskebøtt med soft å vaske stue og kjøkken. Jeg vet at hygiene er veldig viktig. Jeg trives I Ivar Aasens Gate fordi jeg tror der bor mange viktige mennesker. Så politi også kommer hver dag å se at alt gå bra.
Jeg bor i sentrum så jeg kan gå til mange butikker. Jeg kan kjøpe mat fra Kiwi, Coop Mega eller Asia butikk. Jeg kjøper klær fra Cubus og Dress man. Ekspeditrisen klær og mat butikk i hele Kristiansund er nesten alle fint. De er veldig flint å salge klær eller mat også.
Leiligheten min har gul farge i inne. Detter farge er veldig popular. Utten har litt grønn farge. Kristiansund kommune hus i Ivar Aasens Gate har litt grønn farge. Jeg liker denne fargen fordi detter er veldig fin for meg.
Min bolig er så gammel nå. Derfor er leilighet min ikke så moderne. Jeg tror de er bygget i 1945 men den er veldig bra og koselig å bo i.
Thursday, April 16, 2009
Short Note on Political Violence
Note on Political Violence
Dated:16-04-2009
By Robert Sanga
Aristotle was the first political scientist who discussed the nature and causes of political violence. He pointed out that change in the balance of social forces in a particular state was responsible for political violence. In fact, violence is a purposeful political action to register protest of certain sections of society against "Wrong" policies of the government. Aggression and violence have been a part of human history since the ancient times. In modern times, revolution as a form of political violence is carried out to change the form of government and to transform social structure.
There are many causes that give birth to political violence. Men take recourse to violence as a last resort. People decide to use violent methods when they think that their survival as a family, community and state will have to have to suffer no end. If the non-violent actions and legal methods failed to deliver good for them, then people usually take to violent. The following are some of the causes for political violence.
1) General Causes
Wrong and oppressive policies of the bad government create resentment in the mind of the people. As a result of excessive taxation, hike in the prices of essential commodities, excessive use of force to put down peaceful agitation are some of the general causes of violence. Kautilya of Indian political philosopher was of the opinion that impoverishment of the people, greediness of the government and dissatisfaction between one another are some of the causes that turn into political violence.
2) The concept of national self- determination
During the last two centuries a large number of countries of Third World became colonies of Western countries. They wanted to free themselves from foreign domination. Hence, they waged violent struggles against foreign rule. Burmese liberation movements have been under the leadership of violent movement. Even developed countries like Great Britain and Canada faced the problem of secession in Northern Ireland and Quebec respectively.
3) Ideology
In modern times, ideology has played an important role in the spread of political violence. Ideology mobilizes people and gives them a certain cause to wage struggle against the state. Most of the movements in modern times are ideology in character. Fascism and Nazism were two such ideologies. Italy and Germany glorified force and used extreme forms of violence to capture political power during Second World War.
4) Religions and ethnic conflicts
Many of the west European countries witnessed religions conflicts during the 17th and 18th centuries. The conflict was basically between the Catholics and the Protestant. Inter-Religions conflicts take place between two religions communities, between Christian and Muslim, Jews and Muslim, Hindu and Muslim. The radical groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan wanted to purify their religion and take to an extreme form of violence.
Cultural and ethnic minorities want to preserve their separate identity. They want to secure and protect their rights which usually led to violence. These minorities are formed on the basis of race, religion, language and culture. Different nationalities in Burma, Quebec province in Canada, Northern Ireland in Great Britain, different minorities in India, the Chechen in Russia, Tibetans in China, Kurds in Iraq and Iran are some of the example of this type of violence. In some cases like Sri Lanka, the struggle of minorities assumed the form of extremely separatist violence.
5) Political disputes between different elite groups
Governing elite in each state consist of groups, factions and these groups are involved in power politics. These groups and factions use violent methods to secure support of the people. Political disputes among the elite may result in splits and divisions in the ruling group. In Burma the elected government under the leadership of U Nu was overthrown on March 2, 1962 by military coup led by General Ne Win. Burma became directly under the influence of military government since then.
6) Economic conditions and the concept of relative deprivation
Economic condition gives birth to different types of political violence because they generate resentment in the minds of the people. It is the wrong policies of the government to push a large section of the people into below poverty line. As a result of this there is growing inflation, decline living standards of the people, price rise, unemployment and non-availability of essential commodities in the market. These factors force people to take streets and participate in violent demonstrations against the irresponsible government.
Through out Burma, workers, farmers, students and other sections of the society took part in demonstrations to protest against the military government in August, 1988 which is popularly known as 8888. The military administrators had responded the peaceful demonstrations of the people brutally and repressively. However, military of Burma had not achieved it objects of silencing them forever for which there has been a very strong and powerful revolution led by some students and the monks against them. If the military continuously fail to address the economic hardship, deprive justices, rights and freedom of expressions there will be regeneration of people movement in Burma sooner or later.
The workers, farmers and the common people must develop consciousness about their rights in their mind. When a section of people begin to believe in successful revolution, it takes recourse to agitation. The feeling of relative deprivation of all the people can easily gives birth to political violence.
7) Support by neighboring countries
Sustained political violence in a state always get support from the neighboring countries. Burma has been trading its forest wealth, mineral and natural resource for a cheap bargain in order to purchase weapons from neighboring countries. The military used the weapons to kill the monks, students and common people instead of protecting them.
There exist different forms of political violence because of the above mentioned seven point of causes for political violent. Some different forms of political violence are known as follow:
1) Violent protest by the people
Dated:16-04-2009
By Robert Sanga
Aristotle was the first political scientist who discussed the nature and causes of political violence. He pointed out that change in the balance of social forces in a particular state was responsible for political violence. In fact, violence is a purposeful political action to register protest of certain sections of society against "Wrong" policies of the government. Aggression and violence have been a part of human history since the ancient times. In modern times, revolution as a form of political violence is carried out to change the form of government and to transform social structure.
There are many causes that give birth to political violence. Men take recourse to violence as a last resort. People decide to use violent methods when they think that their survival as a family, community and state will have to have to suffer no end. If the non-violent actions and legal methods failed to deliver good for them, then people usually take to violent. The following are some of the causes for political violence.
1) General Causes
Wrong and oppressive policies of the bad government create resentment in the mind of the people. As a result of excessive taxation, hike in the prices of essential commodities, excessive use of force to put down peaceful agitation are some of the general causes of violence. Kautilya of Indian political philosopher was of the opinion that impoverishment of the people, greediness of the government and dissatisfaction between one another are some of the causes that turn into political violence.
2) The concept of national self- determination
During the last two centuries a large number of countries of Third World became colonies of Western countries. They wanted to free themselves from foreign domination. Hence, they waged violent struggles against foreign rule. Burmese liberation movements have been under the leadership of violent movement. Even developed countries like Great Britain and Canada faced the problem of secession in Northern Ireland and Quebec respectively.
3) Ideology
In modern times, ideology has played an important role in the spread of political violence. Ideology mobilizes people and gives them a certain cause to wage struggle against the state. Most of the movements in modern times are ideology in character. Fascism and Nazism were two such ideologies. Italy and Germany glorified force and used extreme forms of violence to capture political power during Second World War.
4) Religions and ethnic conflicts
Many of the west European countries witnessed religions conflicts during the 17th and 18th centuries. The conflict was basically between the Catholics and the Protestant. Inter-Religions conflicts take place between two religions communities, between Christian and Muslim, Jews and Muslim, Hindu and Muslim. The radical groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan wanted to purify their religion and take to an extreme form of violence.
Cultural and ethnic minorities want to preserve their separate identity. They want to secure and protect their rights which usually led to violence. These minorities are formed on the basis of race, religion, language and culture. Different nationalities in Burma, Quebec province in Canada, Northern Ireland in Great Britain, different minorities in India, the Chechen in Russia, Tibetans in China, Kurds in Iraq and Iran are some of the example of this type of violence. In some cases like Sri Lanka, the struggle of minorities assumed the form of extremely separatist violence.
5) Political disputes between different elite groups
Governing elite in each state consist of groups, factions and these groups are involved in power politics. These groups and factions use violent methods to secure support of the people. Political disputes among the elite may result in splits and divisions in the ruling group. In Burma the elected government under the leadership of U Nu was overthrown on March 2, 1962 by military coup led by General Ne Win. Burma became directly under the influence of military government since then.
6) Economic conditions and the concept of relative deprivation
Economic condition gives birth to different types of political violence because they generate resentment in the minds of the people. It is the wrong policies of the government to push a large section of the people into below poverty line. As a result of this there is growing inflation, decline living standards of the people, price rise, unemployment and non-availability of essential commodities in the market. These factors force people to take streets and participate in violent demonstrations against the irresponsible government.
Through out Burma, workers, farmers, students and other sections of the society took part in demonstrations to protest against the military government in August, 1988 which is popularly known as 8888. The military administrators had responded the peaceful demonstrations of the people brutally and repressively. However, military of Burma had not achieved it objects of silencing them forever for which there has been a very strong and powerful revolution led by some students and the monks against them. If the military continuously fail to address the economic hardship, deprive justices, rights and freedom of expressions there will be regeneration of people movement in Burma sooner or later.
The workers, farmers and the common people must develop consciousness about their rights in their mind. When a section of people begin to believe in successful revolution, it takes recourse to agitation. The feeling of relative deprivation of all the people can easily gives birth to political violence.
7) Support by neighboring countries
Sustained political violence in a state always get support from the neighboring countries. Burma has been trading its forest wealth, mineral and natural resource for a cheap bargain in order to purchase weapons from neighboring countries. The military used the weapons to kill the monks, students and common people instead of protecting them.
There exist different forms of political violence because of the above mentioned seven point of causes for political violent. Some different forms of political violence are known as follow:
1) Violent protest by the people
2) Terrorism
3) Military Revolts and Military Coups
4) Revolts and rebellions
5) War and Revolution
========================================
Reference:
Lectures notes from Political Theory - MPS, IGNOU class of 2015.
========================================
Reference:
Lectures notes from Political Theory - MPS, IGNOU class of 2015.
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